RACIAL PREREQUISITE CASES- Chronological Order | ||
CASE | HOLDING | RATIONALES |
In re Ah Yup 1 F. Cas. 223 (C.C.D. Cal. 1878) | Chinese are not White | Scientific Evidence Common Knowledge Congressional Intent |
In re Camille 6 F. 256 (C.C.D. Or. 1880) | Native American/White
Persons half White and half Native American are not White |
Legal Precedent |
In re Kanaka Nian 6 Utah 259 21 Pac. 993 (1899) | Hawaiians are not White | Scientific Evidence |
In re Hong Yen Chang 84 Cal. 163 24 Pac. 156 (1890) | Chinese are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Po 7 Misc. 471 28 N.Y. Supp. 838 (City Ct. 1894) | Burmese are not White | Common Knowledge Legal Precedent |
In re Saito 62 F. 126 (C.C.D. Mass. 1894) | Japanese are not White | Congressional Intent Common Knowledge Scientific Evidence Legal Precedent |
In re Gee Hop 71 F. 274 (N.D. Cal. 1895) | Chinese are not White | Legal Precedent Congressional Intent |
In re Rodriguez 81 F. 337 (W.D. Tex. 1897) | Mexican are White | Legal Precedent * |
In re Burton 1 Ala. 111 (1900) | Native Americans are not White | No Explanation |
re Yamashita 30 Wash. 234 70 Pac. 482 (1902) | Japanese are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Buntaro Kumagai 163 F. 992 (W.D. Wash. 1908) | Japanese are not White | Congressional Intent Legal Precedent |
In re Knight 171 F. 299 (E.D.N.Y. 1909) | Persons half White, one-quarter Japanese, and one-quarter Chinese are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Balsara 171 F. 294 (C.C.S.D.N.Y. 1909) | Asian Whites are probably not White ** | Congressional Intent |
In re Najour 174 F. 735 (N.D. Ga. 1909) | Syrians are White | Scientific Evidence |
In re Halladjiian 174 F. 834 (C.C.D. Mass. 1909) | Armenians are White | Scientific Evidence
Legal Precedent *** |
United States v. Dolla 177 F. 101 (5th Cir. 1910) | Asian Indians are White | Ocular Inspection of Skin **** |
In re Mudarri 176 F. 465 (C.C.D. Mass. 1910) | Syrians are White | Scientific Evidence Legal Precedent |
Bessho v. United States 178 F. 245 (4th Cir. 1910) | Japanese are not White | Congressional Intent |
In re Ellis 179 F. 1002 (D. Or. 1910) | Syrians are White | Common Knowledge Congressional. Intent |
United States v. Balsara 180 F. 694 (2nd Cir. 1910) | Asian Indians are White | Scientific Evidence Congressional Intent |
In re Alverto 198 F. 688 (E.D. Pa. 1912) | Persons three-quarters Filipino and one-quarter white are not White | Legal Precedent Congressional Intent |
In re Young 195 F. 645 (W.D. Wash. 1912) | Persons half German and half Japanese are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Young 198 F. 715 (W.D. Wash. 1912) | Persons half German and half Japanese are not White | Common Knowledge Legal Precedent |
Ex parte Shahid 205 F. 812 (E.D.S.C. 1913) | Syrians are not White ***** | Common Knowledge |
In re Akhay Kumar Mozumdar 107 F. 115 (E.D. Wash. 1913) | Asian Indians are not White | Legal Precedent |
Ex Parte Dow 211 F. 486 (E.D.S.C. 1914) | Syrians are not White | Common Knowledge |
In re Dow 213 F. 355 (E.D.S.C. 1914) | Syrians are not White | Common Knowledge Congressional Intent |
Dow v. United States 226 F. 145 (4th Cir. 1915) | Syrians are White | Scientific Evidence Congressional Intent Legal Precedent |
In re Lampitoe 232 F. 382 (S.D.N.Y. 1916) | Filipino/White
Persons three-quarters Filipino and one-quarter White are not White |
Legal Precedent |
In re Mallari 239 F. 416 (D. Mass. 1916) | Filipinos are not White | No Explanation |
In re Rallos 241 F. 686 (E.D.N.Y. 1917) | Filipinos are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Sadar Bhagwab Singh 246 F. 496 (E.D. Pa. 1917) | Asian Indians are not White | Common Knowledge Congressional Intent |
In re Mohan Singh 275 F. 209 (S.D. Cal. 1919) | Asian Indians are White | Scientific Evidence Legal Precedent |
In re Thind 268 F. 683 (D. Or. 1920) | Asian Indians are White | Legal Precedent |
Petition of Easurk Emsen Charr 273 F. 207 (W.D. Mo. 1921) | Koreans are not White | Common Knowledge Legal Precedent |
Ozawa v. United States 260 U.S. 178 (1922) | Japanese are not White | Legal Precedent Congressional Intent Common Knowledge Scientific Evidence |
United States v. Thind 261 U.S. 204 (1923) | Asian Indians are not White | Common Knowledge Congressional Intent |
Sato v. Hall 191 Cal. 510 217 Pac. 520 (1923) | Japanese are not White | Legal Precedent |
United States v. Akhay Kumar Mozumdar 296 F. 173 (S.D. Cal. 1923) | Asian Indians are not White | Legal Precedent |
United States v. Cartozian 6 F.2d 919 (D. Or. 1925) | Armeians are White | Scientific Evidence Common Knowledge Legal Precedent |
United States v. Ali 7 F.2d 728 (E.D. Mich. 1925) | Punjabis (whether Hindu or Arabian) are not White | Common Knowledge |
In re Fisher 21 F.2d 1007 (N.D. Cal. 1927) | Chinese/White
Persons three-quarter Chinese and one-quarter White are not White |
Legal Precedent |
United States v. Javier 22 F.2d 879 (D.C. Cir. 1927) | Filipinos are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Feroz Din 27 F.2d 568 (N.D. Cal, 1928) | Afghans are not White | Common Knowledge |
United States v. Gokhale 26 F.2d 360 (2nd Cir. 1928) | Asian Indians are not White | Legal Precedent |
De La Ysla v. United States 77 F.2d 988 (9th Cir. 1935) | Filipinos are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Cruz 23 F. Supp. 774 (E.D.N.Y. 1938) | Native American/African
Persons three-quarters Native American and one-quarter African are not African |
Legal Precedent |
Wadia v. United States 101 F.2d 7 (2nd Cir. 1939) | Asian Indians are not White | Common Knowledge |
De Cano v. State 110 P.2d 627 Wash. 1941 | Filipinos are not White | Legal Precedent |
Kharaiti Ram Samras v. United States 125 F.2d 879 (9th Cir. 1942) | Asian Indians are not White | Legal Precedent |
In re Ahmed Hassan 48 F. Supp. 843 (E.D. Mich 1942) | Arabians are not White | Common Knowledge Legal Precedent |
Ex parte Mohriez 54 F. Supp 941 (D. Mass. 1944) | Arabians are White | Common Knowledge Legal Precedent |