Sources

• Associated Press, “Under Trump, Census Eyes Sweeping Plan to Omit Immigrants, Race Data” (September 2026) (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “I Don’t Really Pay Attention to the Racial Stuff Very Much: A Qualitative Study of Racial Identity and Health” (2023) (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).
• European Commission, “Guidance Note on the Collection and Use of Equality Data Based on Racial or Ethnic Origin” (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).
• National Archives, “Constitution of the United States—A Transcription” (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).
• Reuters, “Trump Administration Proposes Dropping Huge Swath of Immigrants From U.S. Census” (updated September 10, 2026) (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).
• United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (2001) (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).
• United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Standards for Data Disaggregation (2018) (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).
• United States Census Bureau, “Measuring Race and Ethnicity Across the Decades: 1790–2010” (Last Visited: September 14, 2026).

 Vernellia R. Randall, Professor Emerita of Law, University of Dayton School of Law.  This article is the sole intellectual and scholarly work of Vernellia Randall. ChatGPT was used only as a drafting aid comparable to a research or editing assistant. All concepts, analysis, legal reasoning, interpretations, and conclusions are entirely the author’s own, and the author assumes full responsibility for the content.