Footnotes

[FNa1]. Professor of Law, University of Dayton, School of Law, B.S.N. 1971 University of Texas, M.S.N. 1978 University of Washington, J.D. 1987 Lewis and Clark College Northwestern School of Law.

1. [FN1]. Press Statement, African Caucus Group, Africans and African Descendants Unite to Raise Concerns in Vienna Meeting, at (last visited March 7, 2002) (discussing upcoming UN World Conference Against Racism in South Africa August- September 2001).

2. [FN2]. Association for Human Rights and Democracy in Africa, Historic meeting in Vienna: Africans and African Descendant Met in Vienna Last Weekend, at (last visited Mar. 7, 2002)

3. [FN3]. United nations World Conference Against Racism, Report of African and African Descendants Caucus, at (last visited Mar. 7, 2002).

4. [FN4]. Id.

5. [FN5]. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, G.A. 78, U.N.T.S. 277 (1948).

6. [FN6]. Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, G.A. Res. 260 (III), U.N. GAOR 78 U.N.T.S. 277 (1948).

7. [FN7]. United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, G.A. Res. 1904 (XVIII), U.N. GAOR, 18th Sess. (1963).

8. [FN8]. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Dec. 21, 1965, 660 U.N.T.S. 195.

9. [FN9]. G.A. Res. 2142 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess. (1966), at (explaining that the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is observed annually on 21 March. On that day in 1960, police opened fire and killed 69 people at a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, South Africa, against the apartheid "pass laws" in Sharpesville, South Africa).

10. [FN10]. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, Nov. 30, 1973, 1015 U.N.T.S. 243.

11. [FN11]. First Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1973-1982), G.A. Res. 3223, U.N. GAOR, 29th Sess., Supp. No. 31-A/9631, U.N. Doc. A/RES/3223 (1974).

12. [FN12]. Second Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1983-1992), G.A. Res. 77, U.N. GAOR, 47th Sess., Supp. No. 49, at 158, U.N. Doc. A/47/49 (1992).

13. [FN13]. Third Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1994-2003), G.A. Res. 146, U.N. GAOR, 49th Sess., Supp. No. 49, at 162, U.N. Doc. A/49/49 (1994).

14. [FN14]. Third World Conference Against Racism, G.A. Res. 149, U.N. GAOR, 52nd Sess. (1997).

15. [FN15]. Reports of Preparatory Meetings and Activities at the International Regional and National Levels, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.187/PC.2/6 (2000), available at (last visited:Mar. 7, 2002) (final documents of the European Conference Against Racism held in Strasbourg, France on Oct. 11-13, 2000).

16. [FN16]. Reports of Preparatory Meetings and Activities at the International Regional and National Levels, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.189/PC.2/7 (2000), available at (last visited Mar. 7, 2002) (final documents of the Americas Conference Against racism held in Santiago, Chile on Dec. 5-7, 2000).

17. [FN17]. Reports of Preparatory Meetings and Activities at the International Regional and National Levels, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.189/PC.2/8 (2001), available at (last visited: Mar. 7, 2002) (final documents of the Report of the Regional conference for Africa in Dakar on Jan.22-24 2001).

18. [FN18]. Reports of Preparatory Meetings and Activities at the International Regional and National Levels, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.189/PC.2/9 (2001), available at (last visited: Mar. 7, 2002) (final documents of the Report of the Asian Prepatory Meeting in Tehran on Feb. 19-21 2001).

19. [FN19]. Although South America and Asia were underrepresented in Vienna.

20. [FN20]. U.N. Doc. A/CONF.189/PC.2/6, supra note 16.

21. [FN21]. Id.

22. [FN22]. See Violent acts against members of Jewish communities and dissemination of anti-Semitic in U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 189/PC.2/6, supra note 16.

23. [FN23]. U.N. Doc.A/CONF. 189/PC.2/6), supra note 16.

24. [FN24]. Id.

25. [FN25]. Preparatory Conference of the Americas Against Racism Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, Declaration of African Descendants, December 5-7, 2000, Santiago, Chile (Last Visited: March 7, 2002).

26. [FN26]. PREPARATORY MEETINGS AND ACTIVITIES AT THE INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS, Report of the expert seminar on remedies available to the victims of racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and on good national practices in this field, held in Geneva from 16 to 18 February 2000: note by the Secretary-General, Preparatory Committee, First session Geneva, 1-5 May 2000, (Last Visited: March 7, 2002)

27. [FN27]. REPORTS OF PREPARATORY MEETINGS AND ACTIVITIES AT THE INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS, Final documents of the Americas Conference against Racism (Santiago, Chile, 5-7 December 2000 (A/CONF.189/PC.2/7) (Last Visited: March 7, 2002)

28. [FN28]. REPORTS OF PREPARATORY MEETINGS AND ACTIVITIES AT THE INTERNATIONAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS, Final documents of the Report of the Regional Conference for Africa (Dakar, 22-24 January 2001) A/CONF.189/PC.2/8 Visited: March 7, 2002)

29. [FN29]. Walter H. White, Jr., A REPORT FROM THE CHAIR, 26-SUM Hum. Rts. I (Summer, 1999) The conference was convened by Henry Sylvester-Williams, a Barrister from Trinidad. W.E.B. Du Bois participated and was appointed to chair a Committee on Address to the Nations of the World. The address contains one of Dr. Du Bois's most famous statements: The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line, the question as to how far differences of race-which show themselves chiefly in the color of the skin and the texture of the hair-will hereafter be made the basis of denying to over half the world the right of sharing to their utmost ability the opportunities and privileges of modern civilization. (PHILLIP S. FONER AND SHIRLEY GRAHAM DU BOIS, W.E.B. DU BOIS SPEAKS: SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES 1890-1919 Copr.1970.)

30. [FN30]. See e.g., Nathaniel Berman, Shadows: du Bois and the Colonial Prospect, 45 Vill. L. Rev. 959 (2000)

31. [FN31]. Edward A. Laing, The Norm of Self-determination, 1941-1991, 22 Cal. W.Int'l L.J. 209 (1991-1992)

32. [FN32]. Edward A. Laing, The Norm of Self-determination, 1941-1991, 22 Cal. W.Int'l L.J. 209 (1991-1992)

33. [FN33]. African Canadian Coalition Against Racism, (Last Visited: March 7, 2002)

34. FN34]. Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, (Last Visited: March 7, 2002)

35. [FN35]. "WCAR Report of African and African Descendants Caucus" (Last Visited March 7, 2002